Not sure if you fixed your problem yet, but I just had the same problem. What I did was go to the folder where my Minecraft launcher installed, C:disk/program files(x86)/Minecraft in my case. Then in the folder labeled game, there should be a jar file called launcher. Just create a shortcut from that instead of using the shortcut that was auto installed onto the desktop, and it should work.
I needed to reinstall the game to fix a mod problem. When I went to reinstall it and it was establishing the launcher. This message popped up.
unable to start the minecraft runtime environment. This is most likely caused by a corruption.
If you know how to fix it, Please tell me.
http://prntscr.com/8wqe7k
Not sure if you fixed your problem yet, but I just had the same problem. What I did was go to the folder where my Minecraft launcher installed, C:disk/program files(x86)/Minecraft in my case. Then in the folder labeled game, there should be a jar file called launcher. Just create a shortcut from that instead of using the shortcut that was auto installed onto the desktop, and it should work.